Cuban Missile Crisis A Ten Day Confrontation Between The...

Will Fain Mr. Shea English 2 Honors 25 January 2016 Cuban Missile Crisis Essay The Cuban Missile Crisis was a thirteen day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in October of 1962. The stand off was over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the Cold War ever came to a full out nuclear war. The event was broadcasted on television for the world to see causing a global panic, especially in America. John F. Kennedy announced that the U.S. would use a naval blockade to eliminate the Cuban threat, showing that America was prepared to use military force to preserve their national security. The Cuban Missile Crisis escalated very quickly and nearly ended consequentially in nuclear destruction across the U.S. and Russia. Rivalry between the USSR and the U.S. began even before World War ll had ended. Joseph Stalin, the Soviet leader, and U.S. Presidents Harry Truman and Franklin Roosevelt never really trusted each other. Stalin resented the fact that the U.S. and Great Britain had not shared nuclear weapon research with the USSR. Stalk was also displeased with The United States s disinclination to engage Germany on the second front in order to relieve pressure off the Soviets. Truman also offered postwar reliefs to Great Britain, but not the USSR which irked Stalin. In the next years tension progressed between the two nations and both the U.S. and USSR had access to nuclear weapons capable of massShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The Cold War1052 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War 2, the Soviets held a grudge against the U.S for their delayed entrance in the World War resulting in deaths of thousands of Russians resulting in the appearance of the Cold War .The Cuban Missile Crisis was a significant flashpoint in the Cold War because it was the moment two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict. 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The Violence Of Video Games - 971 Words

Most kids today play video games to entertain themselves and it’s their hobby. Today kids and even young adults play games like Grand Theft Auto V (GTA V), Call of Duty, and Fallout 4. All three of these games were one of the top games of their respective year of release. What do they all have in common? They depict violence in a way that its becoming more realistic every year they’re sequels are released. But what’s up with people blaming video games for mass shootings and other heinous crimes? Personally, I believe that violent video games don’t cause violence because there is no sufficient evidence that directly connects the two subjects. According to a study US sales of video games increased while juvenile crime rates has decreased significantly over the recent years. It’s a fact that the majority of American teens play video games, but how many have been mass shootings involving young people. There have only been 71 mass shootings over the course of more than three decades and only seven of those are aged 18 or younger. The chances of one’s child committing felonies are slim just with those two statistics. Even the US Supreme court disagree. In Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association (2011) the Court ruled 7-2 that California can’t ban selling video games to kids with the simple and good reason that they do not prove any indicators of aggressive behavior in the minority age. Given the actuality that a large number of young men playShow MoreRelatedVideo Games : Video Game Violence1502 Words   |  7 Pages2013 Video Game Violence The evolution of video games has taken a drastic change since the 1970’s when video games were first introduced. Since then every decade video games have become more violent in nature with strong language and realistic to suit society today. 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Depending on the video game that is chosen, does not mean the child will result in violent behavior later on in lifeRead MoreViolence in Video Games770 Words   |  3 PagesIn the article from Thom Gillespie states that Grand Theft Auto (GTA) is the latest video game to be known of demeaning our society’s youth in the U.S. He states though however, video games such as GTA are â€Å"art† and deserve protection. Moreover, those games just mirror humanitys violent instincts; they do not provoke violence, Gillespie argues. These games also offer chances for debates about ethical issues and the costs of actions. It is known from his writings that Thom G illespie is a professorRead MoreVideo Game Violence : Violent Video Games1626 Words   |  7 PagesDavis English III 27 March 2015 Video Game Violence Violent video games have been being created since the first console. Yet only recently have we been blaming them for aggression in the player. 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Club And Gang Essay Research Paper Club free essay sample

Club And Gang Essay, Research Paper Club and Gang The differences between a nine and a pack, are rather distinguishable, but it is the connotative of differences between these two words which distinguishes one from the other. The New Lexicon Webster # 8217 ; s Dictionary of the English Language defines a nine as ; # 8220 ; # 8230 ; an association of people with some common involvement who meet sporadically # 8230 ; # 8221 ; It defines a pack as # 8220 ; # 8230 ; a figure of work forces or male childs banding together, clairvoyance. illegally # 8230 ; # 8221 ; This definition is traditionally slanted toward using to male young person, and stereotyped mobsters, from the Mafia to street felons. Persons who frequently have a negative attitude toward young person see packs. Often persons form packs out of fright and for the protection of their members whether they are the Bloods and Crips of Los Angeles or the Sharks and the Jets of # 8220 ; West Side Story. # 8221 ; Gangs may non possess a set of formal written regulations, but all of them have their ain sets of imposts or conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Club And Gang Essay Research Paper Club or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Gangs may or may non be facilitated in a subdivision of higher and lower members, miming a military theoretical account. Gangs frequently have a slackly defined set of ends, and are frequently involved in delinquent act ivities. A socially sanctioned signifier of a pack is a nine. Americans by and large view nines as character constructing leading chances ; whereas, persons typecast into packs are persecuted as felons. Baseball clubs are formed with constructive ends in head, such as doing it easier for its members to happen parts for a peculiar trade name of car. Socioeconomic category, academic accomplishment, or perceived functions in society for its members all play a portion in the discriminatory intervention given to a group which a society deems a nine instead than a pack. For case, parts of the populace anticipated that bike riders would do a monolithic rise in offense within the Hollister country during the bike mass meeting. This led to a reactionist response from local jurisprudence governments. The event, unlike old occasions, ended without major incident. Possibly now people are more disposed to see motorcyclists as a nine alternatively of a pack. Additionally, it is a fact that working category people are more likely to be arrested, and hence, in groups and when typecast into packs may be expected to perpetrate more offenses or be condemnable ; the self-fulfilling rhythm continues.

The Rise of the Gulf Airports Essay Example

The Rise of the Gulf Airports Essay A threat for Amsterdam Airport Siphon? Abstract The airports of ABA Dhabi, Doth and Dublin, together referred to as the Gulf airports, will have a combined capacity of 340 million passengers by 2020. Consequently, they are trying to redirect the traditional traffic flows east tot west. This research focused on the possible influence of the Gulf airports on Amsterdam Siphon Airport. The findings show that the Gulf airports have a good competitive position on the transfer market to and from Southeast Salsa and Oceania, but not to Northern and East Asia. They pose no immediate threat, however, Siphon and the main Dutch airline KILL will have to continue their cooperation in order to minimize this upcoming competition and to ensure a sustainable position of Siphon as one of the most important hub airport on the transfer market. Keywords: Hub competition, Gulf airports, Amsterdam Siphon Airport, Gulf region Table of contents 1. Introduction After the deregulation of the European aviation market in the period 1992-1997, airlines gained the freedom to adept their strategies to market demand and to reorganize themselves spatially. As the hub-and-spoke network structure was perceived to add value on both the demand and cost side, it consequently became the dominant choice of network structure (Gillie Morrison, 2005). Amsterdam Airport Siphon In the Netherlands Is the fourth largest airport of Europe, and the main hub of KILL Royal Dutch airline. Airline hubs are essentially airports where passengers change airplanes to reach their final destination (Drudger et al. , 2007). By directing multiple flights through a hub, airlines can service more destinations while operating more cost-effectively. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise of the Gulf Airports specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise of the Gulf Airports specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise of the Gulf Airports specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Siphon airport has reached the position of he fourth largest airport In Europe, because It Is a hub airport. Without Its hub operations, Siphon would lose Its status as one of Rupees largest and most important airports (Billionth Mueller, 2012). A few rapidly rising players may threaten these operations. Since the beginning of the 21 SST century the airline industry in the Arabian Gulf has grown extensively, becoming a relatively new player in the international aviation industry. Airlines from the Gulf region, like Emirates, Edited and Qatar Airlines are rapidly expanding their network over the world, while multitudinously building new hub-airports In their countries of origin. Moreover, with other world regions, its central location offers a perfect gateway to both the Asia- Pacific and Western markets. When the new airports in the Gulf region are finished around 2020, the combined capacity will amount to c. 340 million passengers each year. These developments are likely to have great effect on major European and Asian carriers, as well as their respective hubs (Vestryman et al. 2008). In the academic literature a large amount of research articles are written on airport intention, airport regulation, airline mergers/alliances, and the hub-and-spoke network structure. However, the literature on the development of new airports, the rise of Middle-Eastern carriers and its effect on the airline industry is limited. Therefore, this paper aims to present a clear c onclusion based on the existing literature on these developments, and to provide a valid contribution on this trending topic that is expected to have a significant impact on the airline industry in its current state. This paper is a literature review of existing, peer-reviewed articles and official publications of the researched airports. The focus of the paper is Amsterdam Airport Siphon, and the scope is limited to the effects that the airports of Dublin, Doth and ABA Dhabi might have on Siphon. In the first part of the paper an overview will be given of the existing streams of literature on the airport market, as well as an elaboration on the research questions that have been formulated. In the following part a layout will be presented which shows how the research was conducted, which publications and articles have been read, as well as how data has been gathered and processed in order to answer the research questions. The third art presents the results of the literature review and in the final part of the paper the results are discussed and a final conclusion is drawn. 2. Motivation and research questions Many people see airports as a place where they can get on an airplane, a simple transportation platform Just like a railway station or bus stop. This, however, is not the case anymore. Major airports, like Frankfurt am Main, London Heathers and Paris-Charles De Gaulle, have developed themselves into full-grown enterprises, making profit for shareholders and providing Jobs and generating business for the regions surrounding the airport. The same goes for Amsterdam Airport Siphon. It has become the fourth largest airport of Europe, offering its services to 99 different airlines who transported 52,6 million passengers and 1,5 million tones of cargo to 323 directly serviced destinations in 2013 (Siphon Group, 2013). Moreover, it houses around 500 different companies on its property, together employing more than 65. 000 persons. The contribution of the aviation industry to the Dutch GAP is estimated to be 26 billion euros in 2014. For a country with a reasonable small home- market (17 million inhabitants these are impressive numbers. These numbers are relatively high due to the major share of passengers that only uses Siphon as a transfer point to continue to their final destination. Over the past decade the share of transfer passengers at Siphon has fluctuated between 40 and 45 percent. However, these numbers could decrease in the coming years due to competition from the Arabian Gulf region. The leaders of Qatar, Dublin and ABA Dhabi are looking for future income to replace the current income from oil, which eventually will run out, development of the aviation industry is one part of the overall master plan to develop he Gulf region into a global center for commerce and trade (Madly Dillon, 2007). Another objective is to become a new tourist destination, with the construction of luxury resorts, large shopping malls, sport venues and, museums like Guggenheim (Walters et al. , 2006). Moreover, the airlines Edited, Emirates and Qatar, together referred to as the Gulf airlines, alone have outstanding orders with Boeing and Airbus for a total of 685 aircrafts, worth an estimated $214 billion dollar on list prices. This will give them more seat capacity than their combined population, which implies he Gulf airlines will have to get their business from other regional markets like Asia, Europe and the Americas. The aforementioned projects are widely discussed in newspapers and on television, although the amount of research literature on this topic is limited. In the next paragraph the subjects of a few papers are stated. Lehmann et al. (2009) analyzed how Dublin, similar to Singapore, is using its aviation traffic hub to become a tourist destination. Vestryman et al. (2008) describe the impact on incumbent players and their potential strategic reactions. Grimmer (2011) dewed the rise of the Gulf carriers from a German perspective while others looked at the business model of Emirates Airlines (Soul et al. , 2005; OConnell, 2011). Hooper et al. (2011) documented the development of air transport networks over the past century in the region surrounding the Arabian Gulf and Feeler et al. (1994) focused on its airport and airline development. All these papers conclude that the Middle East is becoming an aviation Junction again. Due to the absence of academic literature on the effect of aviation growth in the Middle East from a Dutch perspective the author cited to perform a literature review and use the findings to answer the following research question: Is the rise of new hub airports in the Gulf region an immediate threat for Amsterdam Airport Siphon? In order to arrive at a good, constructed answer the main research question is divided into four sub questions. The answers to these four questions will form the foundation on which the final conclusion is based. The first sub research question is: Sub ARQ 1. Who are competing with Siphon? Although it becomes clear from the main research question that this paper is about he competition between Siphon and the new hub airports in the Gulf region, this question was formulated to show the boundaries of the research. The second sub research question is: Sub ARQ 2. Why are the Gulf airports competing with Siphon? As stated above, research shows that the Gulf States are going through a transformation, which could be a reason why they are choosing for full competition instead of cooperation. The third sub research question is: Sub ARQ 3. On which characteristics are the Gulf airports competing with Siphon? In order to reveal whether the new competition is an immediate threat we will have ravel time, connections and quality of service. The last sub-research question is: Sub ARQ 4. Are they competing on a level playing field? To evaluate the possible threat properly, it is necessary to appraise whether the competing airports are operating on a level playing field. For example, Adler et al. (2012) listed barriers of expansion to include political interest, noise and environmental restrictions, as well as the time and expense involved in receiving planning permission. The construction of the Polyhedral, Chippers fifth runway, took multiple years, due to many of these restrictions. In Dublin, the owner of Dublin Airports is H. H. Sheikh Aimed bin Eased AAA Maximum, who also controls Emirates airline, the airport authority and the regions aviation policy. As such, Dublin airports are less constrained than Siphon. Airports serve three types of passengers, namely origin-and-destination (OD), transfer and transit. OD passengers start or end their journey at a specific airport, while transfer and transit passengers only have a temporary stop at an airport and then continue to their final destination. The difference between transfer and transit is that transit passengers are staying in the aircraft during a technical stop (Muriel OConnell, 2011). In this paper transfer and transit are considered similar, because transit represent merely a small fraction of the total traffic at the discussed airports. When looking at airports we can define two types of competition. Treachery and Candid (2010) define airport competition as local demand located in overlapping catchments areas. This demand consists of O passengers, residing in between two or more airports from which they can decide to leave. For example, passengers living in Bread are located in between the airports of Amsterdam, Brussels and Dselfless. The competition between Siphon and the four airports from the Gulf region can be classified as hub competition, referring to the competition for transfer passengers. Figure 1 illustrates this competition. Figure : Hub competition When passengers want to travel from A to B, and there is no direct connection available they will have to transfer through a hub airport. Airports are competing with each other for these passengers to transfer through their airport instead of the competitors. The catchments area for the transfer passengers is defined by the destinations where such passengers originate and terminate, encompassing, for a rage hub, the entire world (Billionth Mueller, 2012). The following section will discuss how this literature review was conducted. 3. Research method and data analysis The search for literature was preformed using the library database of the Verve Universities in Amsterdam, as well as Google Scholar. Keywords like hub-and-spoke, airport connectivity and hub competition were used to find relevant papers. As the amount of papers based on these topics was significant, secondary keywords were applied in the search field to narrow down the results. The search for literature also showed the author which Journals were most relevant on the topic. Other Journals were excluded to find the best papers. The papers that came out on top after keywords, titles and abstracts. Based on their keywords they were divided in maps. The search for literature was conducted in May 2014. Primary keywords Secondary keywords Hub-and-spoke, airport connectivity, airport competition, hub competition, regulation, business model/strategy Middle-east, Europe, Amsterdam Airport Siphon, Gulf region, Emirates Table : Keywords used in search The papers that were divided in maps qualified for a full paper review. During the full paper review, parts that were relevant for answering the research questions were slighted. Articles that were used or discussed in the papers and considered possibly relevant were checked by reading the abstracts. If the abstracts and keywords were relevant, they also qualified for a full paper review. Although most papers found through this backward literature search were not suitable, a couple of them were. For statistical data about the airports the author used some official publications like annual reports and a competitors analysis. Information and data found during the full paper reviews were selected based on which research question they contributed too. By dividing the results per research questions they could easily be compared to each other. This contributed to a clear discussion of the found facts later in the report. 4. Results The results of the review will be presented in this section, and discussed in the next. As the results were divided based on which research question they contributed too, they will be presented likewise. Results that did not have a clear contribution to one of the questions are presented in the final part of this section. 4. 1 Research question Some of the articles reviewed referred to the Middle East, while others discussed the Gulf region. The Middle East consists of 12 countries, and within these boundaries the Arabian Gulf is situated. The Arabian Gulf region comprises Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (AAU) (Grimmer, 2011). In this paper the analysis is limited to the airports of Qatar (Doth), the Emirates of Dublin (Dublin International, AAA Maximum) and ABA Dhabi, together referred to as the Gulf Airports and the potential threat for Amsterdam Airport Siphon, as they pose the biggest threat based on the increased capacity the airports. Clearly defining who is omitting with Siphon will help to determine the scope of this research. Originally the research was on the competition between airports, but the results suggest otherwise. Graham (2008) stated that airport competition is based on the competition between airlines. Similar statements were found in other research. Redound et al. (2011) claim that the overall competitive position of a hub is the Joint result of the competitive behavior of airlines and airports and Vestryman et al. (2008) state that it is going to be a competition of systems, comprising airlines and their respective hub airports, rather than of individual actors. This is because they are linked to each other; an airline cannot perform its service without an airport and vice versa. Furthermore, the airports in this research are situated in small countries, giving the nations main carriers no other possibilities to operate from. Billionth Mueller and Steam should also be taken into account. The explanation for this is that airlines in an alliance use each others hubs to transfer their passengers over the world. For example, if a passenger from North America is traveling to Doth with Qatar Airways (member of Enroll) and no direct flight is available, the passenger ill transfer through Heathers London Airport, which is the hub of British Airways, also a member of the Enroll alliance. This is a clear example of how an airline and its respective alliance influence which hub airport is used to transfer passengers. It is therefore important that an airport and its hub operator act together in order to give an airline and its alliance a competitive advantage, as well as to make the airport more favorable for channeling transfer passengers in comparison with other airports. In the Gulf region they operate the strategy of Joint airline-airport ownership, forcing both parties to co-support each others activities (Muriel OConnell, 2011). On Dublin International Airport for example, they built an entire terminal that is only used by Emirates, ensuring smooth operations and short connection times for its passengers. Based on the above results the first research question can be answered by saying that the competition is between the Gulf airports and their respective carriers on the one hand and Siphon and KILL on the other. The table below shows the airports, the planned increase in capacity, and the respective airlines and the alliance memberships, where applicable. Airport capacity 2012 Planned Capacity 2016 Home carrier Airline alliance ABA Dhabi 20 million 32 million Edited No, but icosahedra with multiple airlines including KILL Doth (Ham Into. 24 million 50 million Qatar Airways Enroll Dublin 70 million Emirates Partnership with Santa Dublin (AAA Maximum Into. ) 5 million 160 million Siphon 51 million 56 million KILL Steam Table : Airport data, adapted from (Muriel OConnell, 2011) 4. 2 Research question 2 This research question tries to explain the explosive growth of aviation in the Gulf region. The results show two main reasons for the increased competition coming from the Gulf region. L ehmann et al. (2009) refer to a master plan that must transform the countries under research into a new tourist destination. Hence the big investments in projects, ranging from the artificial islands The Palm and The World, seven-star hotel the Bur] AAA Arab and a mall with indoor skiing (Ski Dublin) in Dublin, to a Guggenheim museum, a branch of the Louvre museum and Formula One racing track in ABA Dhabi, to make the Gulf region attractive for travelers. However, tourism is not the only element that is part of the plan. Dillon and Madly (2007) state that the development of the aviation industry is one part of an overall master plan to develop he Gulf region into a global center for commerce and trade. With the development of this industry, the Gulf States are preparing for the time when the oil and gas resources will be depleted, their number one source of income, by creating new streams of revenue. The development of a mega-hub is seen as positively affecting: industrial development; the positioning of corporate headquarters; growth of light manufacturing; hosting of international conferences and trade shows; increased tourism receipts; and growth of a logistics and distribution hub (OConnell, 2011). Apollo Karakas (2011) claim that Siphon and the air service provided is held to be a significant factor in the decisions of over 1,000 international companies to locate in the greater Amsterdam region. According to the literature on the developments in the Gulf States, it appears that the leaders of the region working to achieve the same status and appeal for international business and tourism, and they are using aviation to get there. The choice for aviation to be a major part in this master plan is based on the geographical location of the region. It is estimated that around 4. Billion persons side within an 8-hour flight of the Middle East, providing the potential for a large part of the worlds population to connect through a single stop (OConnell, 2011). And because of this central location the Gulf States are trying to transfer all these people through their airports with their airlines. While it can been seen that the Gulf region is strongly promoting itself as an end-destinat ion, a seat offer that goes beyond the region to destinations around the world will provide an additional and presumably the most important possibility to fill the regions aircrafts and airports (Vestryman, Wald, Sleigh, 2008). This is necessary because the Gulf carriers have ordered such a large amount of new aircrafts, far exceeding the amount of tourists the Gulf States expect to draw. Muriel and OConnell (2011) showed in their report that the Gulf airlines have 60% more long-haul seat capacity on order than Air France, British Airways and Lufthansa combined. This capacity will have to be filled, mainly by transferring passengers through their airports. Franken John (2011) state that the geographical location of Europe puts European hub and spoke carriers into a grown big because of their strong network of connecting services, but now are Halloween by competitors from the Middle East due to a similar central geographic location. Consequently, the aviation industry from the Gulf region is aiming for their traffic, trying to redirect it via its hubs in Dublin, ABA Dhabi and Doth (Vestryman et al. , 2008). Muriel OConnell (2011) even say the Gulf region is reshaping the competitive dynamics of the industry as they are changing the traditional traffic flows between East and West. Redound et al. (2011) identified the three major markets for indirect connections to be between I) North America and Asia, it) North America and Europe, and iii) between Europe and Asia. Except for the North America to Europe market, the Gulf region has a competitive geographical location which it will use to compete against the incumbent players. So, in summary, why are the Gulf Airports and Gulf Airlines competing with Siphon? Because the leaders of the Gulf States have formulated a master plan to develop new income streams for the replacement of future decreasing revenues from the petroleum industry. The Gulf States realized that aviator is the key to transform the current petroleum industry dependence by capitalizing on the central location of the Gulf Airports in comparison to airport hubs in other regions in the world. To conclude, the underlying motives are both the possibility and the necessity of the Gulf States to enter the competitive field of aviation. 4. 3 Research question 3 In order to compare the airports under review, the following characteristics have been identified for a valid benchmark: a) Total travel time and route frequencies (Hansen, 1990; Reynolds-Feigning McKay, 2006), b) total costs of travel (Bruins et al. 2000), c) number of connections available within a given time window(Brought Dewitt, 2005), d) average waiting times (Retrieve Boron, 2001; Line, 2006), and e) quality of service at the airports (Redound et al. 2011). As mentioned in the previous section, the three major markets for indirect connections are between North America and Asia, North Amer ica and Europe and between Europe and Asia. Looking at total travel time, the first factor that passengers claim to be important, Siphon has a strong competitive position on the North America Europe market. This is driven by the fact that travel through Siphon will always be faster due to smaller flight distances. Similarly, the geographical location of Siphon will be a competitive advantage for flights to Eastern and Northern Asia as total flight time will be shorter o these destinations as well. Competition will be most fierce on the traffic flows to South East Asia and Oceania, for the main reason that the Gulf Airports have a geographical advantage in that area, giving them the possibility to connect passengers faster and with only one stop. The second factor that is important for travelers are the total costs of travel. Research conducted by Grimmer (2011) revealed that the Gulf airlines are rarely price leader on flights between Europe and Asia. This could indicate that they dont feel the need yet to lower their fares, and first try to compete on the other characteristics. Another way the Gulf region is competing with Siphon is by adding new destinations to its network, and increasing the frequencies to these destinations. If a passenger can reach more destinations through one stop, at a wider variety of departure times at one airport versus the other, the passenger will choose the prior airline-airport combination. This type of competition can be seen at Newcastle. From these airports, one-stop flights to destinations in Asia and Australia are offered through its hub airport in Dublin, whereas passengers who would travel through Siphon would have to stop in Koala Lump or Singapore as well before caching their final destination, making it a two-stop flight. Using secondary airports in their network is an important part of Emirates strategy (Soul et al. , 2005; Grimmer, 2011). Table 3 shows the amount of destinations served by the researched airports. Siphon clearly has the most served destinations, although if the Gulf airports keep adding new destinations they will improve their competitive position. Airport Destinations served in 2013 323 93 Doth 260 Table : Destinations served (source: Siphon Group, 2013;ABA Dhabi Airports, 2014;Dublin Airports, 2014) Another way the Gulf airports are competing with Siphon s through average waiting times and amount of connections available within a certain time window. As the Gulf airports do not have any congestion and regulations on noise and night curfews, it allows their carriers to arrive in coordinated waves. By aligning the waves of arriving and departing planes, it is possible to offer a large number of connecting destinations while keeping connecting times low for transferring passengers (Muriel OConnell, 2011). KILL operates its network on a similar wave configuration, however,due to night restrictions and the resulting ingestion at certain time slots, it is more difficult to operate a tight schedule. Hence the importance for Siphon and KILL to co-operate in order to maintain the competitiveness of both parties. Redound et al. 2011) indicated that the quality of service provided at hub airports was the third criteria in a passengers choice of travel route. Therefore the quality of service at the newly built airports in the Gulf region will be of high standard, in order to attract both more passengers and airlines. However, in 2013 Siphon also started with improving its facilities and services in order to maintain its competitive position (Siphon Group, 2013). Each year, Ashtray hands out the best airport awards, based on passenger reviews. Siphon has been in the top ten for many years, and in 2014 was awarded the fifth place; none of the Gulf Airports made it to the top ten. In the category best transfer airport, Siphon was ranked fourth, Dublin tenth (Ashtray, 2014). Considering that Siphon is updating and renovating its resources, it should be able to sustain its competitive position for quality of service provided. Following the above results, it can be said that the airline-airport combinations from the Gulf region compete with Siphon/KILL mainly on the transfer market from North America and Europe to South East Asia and Australia based on geographical advantage. They can offer shorter travel times and higher frequencies with a large fleet. Due to the absence of restrictions an efficient offered while minimizing the connecting times. Additionally, the Gulf airports and airlines try to compete by offering high class services and facilities at the airports, however, Siphon simultaneously started updating its facilities and services in order to stay competitive and attractive for transfer passengers. . 4 Research question 4 Analysis of the literature has to indicate whether the Gulf airports are competing with Siphon on a level playing field. As mentioned before, the business model of Emirates, Edited, Qatar Airways and their respective airports is largely formulated on transfer traffic, which is a key underpinning strategy for future growth (Muriel OConnell, 2011). Because the owners of the airlines are the same owners of the respective airports, airport charges are kept low. Muriel OConnell (2011) calculated that airport charges for an Airbus AWAY-600 are approximately nine times higher at Siphon than at the Gulf Airports. Moreover, airlines are not charged for any connecting passengers. The combined effect is that airlines that use the airports as transfer hub can offer passengers cheaper tickets due to lower operational costs. The result is that the Gulf airlines are more attractive for passengers, and the Gulf airports more attractive for airlines. Siphon, on the other hand, is also charging airlines less for transfer passengers then for OD passengers (Billionth Mueller, 2012). So, all airports researched provide incentives to airlines to use their airport, only the Gulf airports are cheaper than Siphon. As already stated in section 4. , the development of the aviation industry in the Gulf region is part of a bigger master plan. Therefore it is likely that the Gulf airports and Gulf airlines are granted backings from their governments that are necessary to ensure their competitiveness and financial health (Vestryman et al. , 2008). If they fail, so will the plan to transform the Gulf region in a new center for commerce and trade. Moreover, there are no congestion problems or night curfews at the airports, lower labor costs and a labor force that is not permitted to Join a union or go on a strike, giving the Gulf airports an operational and cost advantage on Siphon. The Joint airline-airport ownership of the respective governments also gives them political advantages, as a government will not be counter-productive against its own company. Per contra, Adler Galilean (2012) stated that over the history of the aviation industry, both airlines and airports have been heavily regulated and subsidized, including KILL/ Siphon. And due to its importance to the Dutch economy, the national government has taken an active interest in the airports development strategies (Apollo Karakas, 2011), and owns a majority share in its owner the Siphon Group for 69. % (Siphon Group, 2013). Furthermore, it is worth noting that the CEO of KILL, Mr.. Camille Rulings, was the Dutch minister of Transport, Public Works and Watermarking from 2007 to 2010. Based on the results it can be said that the Gulf airports and airlines are not competing on a level playing field with Siphon and KILL. They are better off on an operational, financial and political level, even though Sip hon/KILL also received financial help in the past and have their political connections. 4. 5 Main research question Results that were found during the literature review and that could not be listed

Ray Douglas Bradbury Essays - Mars In Fiction, Free Essays

Ray Douglas Bradbury Essays - Mars In Fiction, Free Essays Ray Douglas Bradbury Ray Douglas Bradbury was born in Waukegan, Illinois on August 22,1920. He was the third born son of Leonard Spauldling Bradbury and Esther Marie Moberg Bradbury. In the fall of 1926 the Bradbury family moved from their home in Waukegan to Tucson, Arizona. However, their stay there only lasted until May of 1927 when they moved back to their original habitation. Bradbury began writing his own literature on butcher paper when he was 11 years old. Ray and his family moved again moved to Tucson, Arizona and back to Waukegan, Illinois again in 1932. This rapid movement was initiated when Leonard Bradbury was laid off from his job installing telephone lines, only to be rehired later in the year. In 1934 the Bradbury family moved yet again, but this time to Los Angeles, California. Ray attended high school in Los Angeles. He graduated in 1938, finishing his formal school career. Bradbury decided that in order to further his education, he would spend his days at his typewriter and his nights at the library, reading. Since he needed a way to make some money to get by, Ray took a job selling newspapers on Los Angeles street corners. His first published story was ?Hollerbocher?s Dilemma,? which was printed in an amateur fan magazine in 1938. In 1939, Ray published four issues of Futuria Fantasia, his own fan magazine, in which he contributed most of the published material. Bradbury?s first paying gig, was ?Pendulum,? which was published in Super Science Stories in 1941. Finally in 1942 he discovered his distinctive style of writing after writing ?The Lake.? By 1943 he had given up selling newspapers, and began a full-time job as a free lance write for many periodicals. In 1945 the magazine Best American Short Stories, selected Bradbury?s short story ?The Big Black and White Game,? to appear in an issue of the magazine. Bradbury?s most significant published works up until the present include: Dark Carnival in 1947, The Martian Chronicles in 1950, Fahrenheit 451 in 1953, and many short stories, screenplays, essays and poems which are too numerous to name. Ray Bradbury?s writing has been critically acclaimed and heralded as some of the most influential media in the Science-Fiction genre. So far is his lifetime Ray has received the O. Henry Memorial Award, the Benjamin Franklin award in 1954, the Aviation-Space Writer?s Association Award for best article in an American Magazine in 1967, the World Fantasy Award for lifetime achievement, and the Grand Master Award from the Science-Fiction Writers of America. Also his animated film about the history of flight, Icarus Montgolfier Wright, was nominated for an Oscar, and his teleplay of the Halloween Tree won an emmy. Presently, Ray Bradbury resides in San Diego, California, where he still writes and gives lectures. The Martian Chronicles The book of Bradbury?s creation that I read was the Martian Chronicles. Initially, I was intrigued by Ray Bradbury?s implementation of elaborately descriptive settings. Each chronicle takes place during a different month and year, arranged in chronological order, from January 1999 to October 2026. Since the story spans over a long period of time, there are several locations in which the events occur. The major settings of the story include: Ohio, a small town next to the rocket launch pad, a large desert on Mars, with canals, that is a harbor to the ?dead cities,? a town on Mars which is the home of Yll and Ylla , the Martian landing site next to one of the canals, a Martian insane asylum, a town, that seems almost dreamlike in a sense, because it is the memories of the flight crew projected onto the Martian landscape, a luggage shop, and a city surrounded by rural farm area, that has only one house left standing. These settings are used as a device to move the novel along from each individual story to the next. I think that this was a very interesting concept, because there are no main characters in the book. However, there are main characters within each chronicle. Ylla is the first Martian introduced in the book; she is friendly, kind, and has an outgoing personality. James Stupple indicated in his book The Past,

A Reverse PIN Wont Contact Police

A Reverse PIN Won't Contact Police An online rumor started in October 2006 claims ATM users can quickly contact police in the event of an attempted robbery by entering their PIN in reverse. This claim is false. Reverse PIN and Technology False, for now, that is. Technology exists which would allow ATM users to contact police in an emergency by punching in their PIN (personal identification number) in reverse, but as of this publication it has not yet been implemented anywhere in the United States. Lawmakers in the states of Kansas and Illinois introduced legislation calling for the institution of reverse-PIN emergency notification systems (also known under the brand name SafetyPIN) in 2004, but the Kansas bill stalled in committee and the Illinois bill was watered down at the behest of the banking industry, making the adoption of the technology purely voluntary - which it already was. According to a story published in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, bankers are opposed to the reverse-PIN system because of safety concerns. They fear that ATM users might hesitate or fumble under duress while trying to enter their PINs backwards, possibly increasing the chances of violence. The banking industry is in favor of finding a means to protect ATM customers, a member of the American Bankers Association said, but question whether the reverse-PIN solution is the right one. Inventor of PIN Number Reversal Says Banks in Denial The inventor of SafetyPIN, Joseph Zingher, claims the banking industry is afraid to admit the growing extent of ATM robbery. Exact figures are hard to come by because ATM holdups are lumped in with other types of bank robbery in the FBIs annual crime statistics. Of the 8,000 to 12,000 bank robberies per year counted by the FBI over the past 15 years, 3,000 to 4,000 were ATM robberies, according to the banking industry. Some crime experts suspect the figure is actually higher. Bankers, for their part, insist they do acknowledge the problem of ATM crime and recommend that customers exercise due caution and be aware of their surroundings when using automated teller machines. Heres a sample email about the false claim of a reverse pin number contributed by J. Brouse on Dec. 6, 2006. PIN NUMBER REVERSAL (GOOD TO KNOW)If you should ever be forced by a robber to withdraw money from an ATM machine, you can notify the police by entering your Pin # in reverse.For example if your pin number is 1234 then you would put in 4321. The ATM recognizes that your pin number is backwards from the ATM card you placed in the machine. The machine will still give you the money you requested, but unknown to the robber, the police will be immediately dispatched to help you.This information was recently broadcast on TV stating that it is seldom used because people dont know it exists. Sources and further reading: Why Reverse PIN Is Not in UseAbout.com: U.S. Government, May 16, 2014 Technology to Keep You Safe at ATM MachinesWOAI-TV News, September 22, 2006 Why Great Ideas Get Shot DownFortune Small Business,   February 1, 2006 Inventor, Kansas Senator Back Idea to Thwart ATM HoldupsSt. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 3, 2005 Banking on ATM SafetyForbes, January 28, 2004

Quentin Tarantino Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Quentin Tarantino - Essay Example He was given exposure to different kind of films and he was also influenced by the pop culture, which still influences many people. He called it a day as far as schooling was concerned at the age of 17 and wanted to pursue his career in acting, he supported himself financially during this time. When he turned 22, the genius in him started to show, he started writing scenes which were used in the practice of his acting classes and people also admired him because of his knowledge in the field of movies. All this came to him naturally, right from his childhood films played a big role in shaping up his life. Tarantino did not get success instantly; he literally wasted many years writing scripts for his debut as a director. The year 1991 saw him write Reservoir Dogs, an upcoming producer by the name Lawrence Bender took notice of Tarantino's work and asked him for a month's time to turn his work into a fully-fledged movie. All the plans became successful and the movie was shot in less tha n a month in exotic locations in Los Angeles. The movie has a star cast, which included stars like Michael Madsen, Steve Buscemi, Tim Roth, Laurence Tierney, Chris Penn and the movie was a huge success and turned around the fortune of Tarantino. 1997 saw him writing and directing Jackie Brown. The movie was based on Elmore Leonard's novel Rum Punch, the stars of the movie got nominated for academy awards and this goes to show that the film was a very successful one. "Tarantino's first career goal was to become an actor, and he has continued to play roles in his own films and in the work of others. He was the thief known only as Mr. Brown (That's a little too close to 'Mr.Shit,') in Reservoir Dogs and the jittery Jimmie Dimmick, saddled with a fresh corpse, Pulp Fiction. In the Man from Hollywood section of Four Rooms, he was a blow-hard movie director. He also played bandit George Clooney's loony brother, Richard Gecko, in Robert Rodriguez's From Dusk Till Dawn, played the title rol e in Jack Baren's Destiny Turns on the Radio (1995) and appeared in Spike Lee's Girl 6 (1996). Quentin Tarantino became very renowned after the release of Pulp Fiction (1994), the movie did really very well and shot Quentin Tarantino into the limelight. The writers of the movie were Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary. The movie achieved the biggest prize which any director can dream of, which is undoubtedly The Oscar Award. "This film oozes inspired casting, of actors who either played against type or at least became offbeat and edgy in ways in which we hadn't hitherto known them. Then, through the editing process, by telling the story in a maximum non-linear way, out of time, reducing the film to a series of seeming disjointed non-sequential vignettes, each vignette featuring the aforementioned snappy dialog delivered by the aforementioned hand-picked edgy actors. It is only after watching the entirety of the movie, and reflecting back on it, does the gestalt emerge for the viewer. And, it may take more than one viewing to get there. Then, lastly, by topping it all off with a snazzy soundtrack. That's how. Add all that stuff together and you get Pulp Fiction.  

Obama was right to call for national conversation on race Essay

Obama was right to call for national conversation on race - Essay Example The political leaders in America are at the front line. They are weighed in terms of their political cultures and their takes on racisms as a contentious topic in America. President Obama is no different since racism was among the important aspects that featured during his campaign for presidency. This essay seeks to discuss why president Obama was right to call for a nationwide conversation on race. After Trayvon martin’s fatal death, America witnessed a wave of nationwide demonstrations that pervade the whole country to the Whitehouse. The president in his heartfelt and spontaneous words about the race relations in America featured on the need for everyone to participate in a nationwide debate on race. The president however reiterated that it was not the right time for the politicians to take blame but help initiative this national conversation (Gerson). For this position, the president was right that the issue of racism should be discussed by all the American citizens. This is because all the citizens have a huge role to play in the democratic institutions of America. It is in line with this thought that this dialogue on race will influence other issues affecting the poor communities in America. These include public policy and democracy. This conversation should be contrasted to Clinton’s ideas which bore no fruits. The conversation should be objective driven and purposeful. It should be seeking to find an agenda of democratic transformation that pervades the whole country from a national, state and local level. In the conversation every individual from all walks of life should participate. The leaders are the community leaders, activists and civil rights organizers who would put the framework. These leaders need to have the express purpose of developing public policy solutions. These are issues that affect the employment, public education, healthcare, criminal justice and general life chance in the United States of America. This is in relation to the many decades back where numerous efforts of civil rights activists empowered the whole country to start a conversation on racisms. Clearly, this was a success since all the races in America participated in the conversation to come up with a solution that synthesized all these races into one. This conversation was not simply on racisms but also focused in reforming democracy. Every member of the American society participated in this conversation many decades ago. These include prisoners, politicians, welfare mothers, religious leaders and labour activists. The early conversation involved many aspects including street protests that were often complemented by crisis legislations. The notion for a National Conversation on Race Day is stirred by the joint engagement and action of these people, several of whom turned out in multitudes for the August 28, 1963, Walk on Washington for freedom and Jobs. This walk brought together disparate political ideas into a great and unifying cal l for economic equality, racial justice and multicultural democracy. It was through this event that the cultural, social and political awareness of racial injustice were galvanized. This led to the transformation of public policy guidelines in America to accommodate all races. These were affected through the voting rights act of 1965 and the civil rights act of 1964. This march has reached its 50th

Learning objectives of the student Essay Example for Free

Learning objectives of the student Essay By the end of the grant period, the learners should be able to: †¢ Internalize the basic definitions of concepts which will be met during the study. †¢ Use the various methods of measuring techniques to find measurements of simple lengths. †¢ Use the measurement tools effectively in class and outside the classroom. †¢ Demonstrate on the board on the use of the various tools in measuring. †¢ Apply the knowledge learned in class in real life situation i. e. giving the students a challenging life application question and finding out if they can get the answers correctly. Method of Instruction: Teacher may adopt the instruction led method to disseminate information to the learners by use of segments of information and presenting the idea systematically. Teacher can adopt use of the demonstration method where the learner follows in detail how a particular procedure or technique is being followed. The lecture method is also a common instructional method which can be used by the teacher. This involves the teacher gives monologue information without getting responses from the learners. The teacher can use the coaching instruction for the learner. This refers to a detailed step in which the learner is taken through so that he can grasp the concept. The students can also be left on their own to practice what has been learned in class, thus the practice method is another instructional method to be used in the classroom. Reference: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Retrieved o

Medical Intervention for Intersexed Children: Gender Unknown Essay

Medical Intervention for Intersexed Children: Gender Unknown What makes a person male or female? Who has the right to choose what sex a person should be? These are some common questions that parents have to face when their child is born as an "intersexed". "Intersex is a general term used for any form of congenital (inborn) mixed sex anatomy." A person who is considered intersexed has some parts of their sexual anatomy that look female and some that look male (Dreger). In the United States, "intersexed" is a taboo. Most people don't like to talk about sex, let alone, abnormalities having to do with sexual anatomy. Dreger stated, "1 in 2,000 children [are] born with genitals that are pretty confusing..." That means that being intersexed is more common than a well known medical condition, cystic fibrosis (2004). It makes one wonder that since this particular condition happens so often, why doesn't society speak more freely about it? When a child is first born and the gender is not quite clear, doctors will test the infant in many ways to determine which sex the baby should be. Some of the tests include, chromosomal, hormonal, and anatomical. The doctors also factor in the ability to create "functional" genitalia with the tissue that is already present. "Functional" usually means, "the ability to use the genitals for penetrative intercourse"(Yronwode). However, doctors usually choose to make the baby into a female because female genitalia is easier to construct (Beh & Diamond). Holmes wrote, "Invasive surgeries are thus carried out on children who are either pre-linguistic or unable to speak for themselves as legal minors." A child has a right to their body just as every human being does. He/she just does not have a v... ...Alice D. Ph.D (n.d.). What is Intersexuality. Retrieved March 16, 2004, from http://www.pflagdetroit.org /what_is_intersexuality. Htm Greenberg, Julie A. (1998, Feb.). ISNA's Amicus Brief on Intersex Genital Surgery. Retrieved March 16, 2004, from, http://www.isna.org/drupal/book/view/97?PHPSESSID=eeac2c6a4d64c46 410e664b3f75d 424a Holmes, Morgan. (1995). Queer Cut Bodies: Intersexuality & Homophobia In Medical Practice. Retrieved March 27, 2004, from, http://www.usc.edu/isd/archives/ queerfrontiers/queer/papers/holme s.long.html Laurent, Bo. (1994 Nov.). Sexual scientists question medical treatment of hermaphroditism. Retrieved March 27, 2004, from http://inquirer.gn.apc.org/intersex.html Yronwode, Althaea.(n.d.).Intersex Individuals Dispute Wisdom Of Surgery On Infants. Retrieved March 27, 2004, from, http://www.luckymojo.com/tkintersex. html

A day in a Cave in the Rocky Mountains Essay

The soft morning breeze blew over the peaks and through the tall fragrant evergreen forest. Just outside the small mountain town of Idaho Springs, Colorado on a warm mid-summer morning back in 1991 I stood on my porch watching the wildlife busily starting the day. I stepped back into my little trailer house and picked up the land line and dialed the Hunt brothers’ number. Dan picked up the phone with a cheery â€Å"Hello.† â€Å"Hey bud† I said, â€Å"are you and Devan ready to head out on this weeks spelunking adventure?† He laughed loudly and replied â€Å"We’ve been waiting for you. Let’s go.† â€Å"Okay,† I stated â€Å"I will meet you two at the bottom of the hill in fifteen minuets† and we hung up. I got my things together and hustled out the front door. I heard barking up the hill behind the house and called â€Å"Coda come.† And my four-legged Chow-mix buddy came charging down the hill full of vibrancy and joy. Coda and I walked on down the road and met up with Dan and Devan at a clearing on the other side of Clear Creek, which was the local river that eventually furnished the Coors brewery in Golden. The four of us headed up the hill through a valley to a tailing pile that laid in front of the entrance that awaited us. See more:  Perseverance essay The entrance beckoned our arrival with a musty damp scent from years of still life in darkness. We had explored this mine a few times before and found it to be the biggest one accessible to adventurers like us needing to fulfill our desire of adrenalin brought on by the many aspects of danger that lie within. Coda led the way and I carefully ducted through the low overhead opening of rock and stone that was the entry to the bowels of this mountain. The feeling of the cool damp air on my exposed skin ran a shiver down my spine as I moved forward leaving the morning sun and safety of the outside world behind. The sound of crushed rocks under our feet echoed off the solid stone walls stretching far into the distance before fading away in silence. After about 200 feet the passageway turned to the left and the day light from the outside was lost. With the flick of a switch my three-cell Mag-Light broke the darkness and the sparkle of mica and pyrite reflected off the narrow walls and ceiling. In previous journeys through this mine we had found and traveled several levels and what seemed like miles of tunnels. Coda  was leading the way and every once in awhile I would call him, â€Å"Coda come.† And a moment later his soft brown eyes would reflect in the glow of our flashlights. After about 30 minutes of travel we came to the main shaft that led to the upper levels, It was about fifteen feet in diameter and had an old wooden ladder on the left side with its rugs full of crushed rock from years of deteriation and on the right side was a chute that ore from the upper levels was dropped down and loaded into the ore cars then taken out of the mine. We decided to take a water and smoke break here and sat ourselves down on the cool rocky floor in a small circle. Dan pulled out the water bottle, took a drink and passed it around while following our traditions I lit a candle and placed it in the middle of our circle. Devan then pulled out a joint and Dan’s Bic-lighter flicked as he lit up the joint and we passed it around heightening our experience with the mind altering effects of natures own. We absorbed the stillness hearing only our own breathing and the rustle of Coda’s feet investigating the tunnel around the next corner ahead. It wasn’t long and I became aware that I could no longer hear the noises of Coda up ahead. I called out his name, â€Å"Coda† waited a moment for the sound of his paws coming down the tunnel but in return all we heard was the sound of a few stones falling and a splash. We all looked at each other in the glimmer of the candle light with the same thought. Ahead in that tunnel there was a large hole in the stone floor going down too far to see with a light. It was one of the few spots we had not ventured yet because on a previous tunnel quest we had tossed some rocks down and after watching them bounce their way down beyond the reach of the lights we heard the splash of water from below. The light of the candle was overwhelmed then extinguished as our flashlights came to life and we moved toward the hole to a lower un-traveled existence. I called for Coda again after we rounded the second corner where the cavern opened up wider, about twenty feet wide by ten feet high and there was merely a two foot wide ledge that gave access to the tunnel ahead. The rest of the ground gave way to what looked liked the throat of Hell ready to swallow its victims. What I feared was true and we could hear from below the whimpering of a  scared friend. I shined my light down the hole and to my hearts content I could see the small figure of Coda just at the last reach of my light. Behind me I heard the sound of a zipper as Devan got into the back-pack and pulled out a rope that was always kept in our survival bag. One end of the rope was tossed to Dan and he quickly tied it to one of the ore car tracks running along the floor. We all knew that this time in this mine we would see what lied beyond our view. Devan tossed the other end down the shaft and when it reached Coda he tried to catch it like a bone, lol. I called down to Coda to ensure him I was on my way down. Then I grabbed the rope in my hands turned around and began a decent down the hole as Dan shown his light below me so I could see where I was stepping. After the first hundred feet the degree of decent decreased and I was able to release one hand off the rope without slipping down to join Coda. I turned my light back on and shown it in Codas direction and another 30 feet away he was excitingly hopping up and down like a lottery winner. I moved closer towards him and when I reached the 3 foot ledge that kept him at bay from jumping on me I hopped down and praised, and cuddled him in a loving nurturing way â€Å"You are such a brave dog† I told him. Devan called down inquiring as to the plan and I hollered back that everything was ok but I would need some help getting Coda back up. Devan started carefully back stepping down the shaft and I decided I would take a quick look around. This was the level we never seen so no since in wasting the trip. The tunnel was about three feet wide by six foot tall. The walls were very damp and the splash we heard was a stream of orange rusty water running right down the middle of the floor. Devan reached the bottom and I directed his attention toward the liquid rust flowing on the floor and the view of the unexplored tunnels in both directions. Our thoughts were on the same path as usual and we called up to Dan telling him to grab the bag, he had to see this! Upon his arrival we made a mutual decision to travel to the right, the direction the flow was coming from. We followed the flow about 70 feet till the tunnel ended abruptly. The sight at the end was something we had never seen before. The whole back wall was covered with an orange, brown and black buildup that looked like it was oozing out of the wall. From the  ceiling there were stalagtites of iron rust hanging down, some of them all the way to the floor. Water dripped from the ends of each of them and a stream came from out of the wall and flowed evenly over the rusty buildup there. We took a couple pictures of this unique and different scene that was in front of us. We poked around there for a few and turned down the other way to see where this flow of water was headed. As we passed our rope leading back up the shaft the flow path of water widened on the cavern floor gradually from the 12 inches to 18 inches and 50 feet further it covered the entire floor. We stood there a moment looking down at our boots submerged in the water past our toes. The decline was gradual and within another 100 feet the water was up to our ankles and rising. Coda stayed behind not wanting to get in the water, and 50 feet further we were knee deep in water. Again we all thought the same and decided that we wouldn’t go any further with out our inflatable raft and it was time to conclude our adventure and return ourselves to the reality of the outside world and allow the sun to shine upon our skin again. When we got back to the rope and Coda was anxiously waiting to get out so we daisy chained our way back up the shaft, pushing and pulling on him till we crested the top and pulled our little friend over the edge. After a short rest and the re-coiling of the rope I led the way back toward the outside world. We halted at the main shaft going to the upper levels were there was another opening on the side of the mountain but with careful consideration the decision was made that we had had enough adventure for one day and we should just head out the way we came. Around the last bend the afternoon sun burst into view and Coda was making a break for it. I stepped out into the hot afternoon sun and looked to the clear blue sky. I thanked God for keeping us all safe one more time. When Dan and Devan came out we headed down the hillside trailing behind Coda till he spotted a rabbit and took off after it. We never made it back down to that lower level to sail forward and see where it led because soon after that trip something happened in that cave and the county department had blocked off both entrances and posted no trespassing signs on them. It’s been awhile now since I’ve made the opportunity to travel back to that community and indulge in a spelunking  adventure, but I to keep in touch with the Hunt brothers via land line and again someday soon, I will make the time to experience that thrill again.

Middle Childhood and Adolescences

Human growth development theory is an organized statement of values and generalization that provides an outline for understanding how and why people change as they grow from infant to adulthood. Theorist tries to make sense out of observations and construct a story of the human journey from infancy through childhood or adulthood (P. H. Miller, 2002, p. 2). The theories link proofs with patterns, merging the details of life into a meaningful complete picture of human growth development. Freud and Erickson state that human beings, starting at infancy through adulthood pass a series of psychosexual and psychosocial stages of development.The stages that will be discussed will be a combination of Freud and Erickson oral, identify vs. role of confusion, and phallic stages. There are six stages that Freud elaborated on but the first six years occurs in three stages each characterized by psychosexual pleasure center on difference parts of the body. However, Erikson’s stages differ sig nificantly from Freud’s in that they emphasize family and culture, not sexual urges. He called his theory epigenetic, partly to stress that the expression of genes, as of biological impulses, is powerfully influenced by the social environment (Berger, p. 9, 2010). According to, Freud during the first stage of personality development with is the oral stage from birth to one year, the infant’s tongue, and gums are the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby’s body, sucking, and feeding are the most stimulating actives. The mouth is an important source for feeding and eating. In addition this allows the infant to develop gratification with pleasure from oral stimulation through activities such as tasting and sucking. Therefore, the infant is completely dependent on its parent or guardian that is responsible for feeding and nurturing the infant.Freud also stated that the oral stimulation could lead to oral dependencies later in life. For example oral personaliti es such as thumb sucking, nail biting, and smoking. These behaviors are exhibit when an individual is under stress (McLeod, S. A. 2008). Phallic Stage is another stage of human growth development. According to, Freud this stage starts at three though six years of age. This stage is when children become aware of their body organs. In additional, adolescences are also aware of their parents and other children that are around them. This pleasure switches between the oral nd anal stage to the phallic stage. The pleasure is not emphasized on the genitals. Freud has stated that the male develops an unconscious desire for the mother. Therefore, the male become in conflict with the adult male or caregiver seeing him as competition for the mother affection. This fixation gives the male an Oedipus complex, which is Freud psychoanalytic theory. This theory is the desire for sexual involvement with parent of opposite sex and a sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex; a crucial stage in the normal developmental process.Girls have been known to have an attraction for their father. This is known as the Electra Complex, but Freud strongly disagreed with this theory (Britannica. com). According to Freud, because strong competition with the male figures the male eventually decide to identify with the father rather than come in conflict with him. Because of this the boy develops masculine characteristics and identifies himself as a male, and represses his sexual feelings toward his mother. A fixation at this stage could result in unacceptable sexual behavior and confused sexual identity according to psychoanalysts (McLeod, S.A. 2008). Identity vs. role confusion is the Erikson six stage of human development. This stage takes place between the ages of 13-18. This is an important stage of development for adolescence because this is the transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescents try to figure out â€Å"who am I? † They establish sexual, political, and vocat ional identities or are confused about what role to play (Berger, p. 19). This stage of human development allows the adolescent to identify what role he will occupy as an adult.In this role the adolescents will re-examine his identify to try to figure out â€Å"Who am I? † Erickson suggests that two identities are involved. These identities involve the sexual an occupational. According to (Bee, 1992) at the end of this stage â€Å"a reintegrate sense of self, or what one wants to do or be, and of one’s appropriate sex role. † During the six stages the body image of the adolescent began to change. This stages is also were the adolescent start to feel uncomfortable about their body for a while until they can adapt and change into their new image.Based upon the outcome of their adapting the adolescent can start to begin to form their own identity. Nevertheless, the adolescent can also start to become confuse about themselves, such as what is their place in the worl d and what they want to be when that grow up. In evaluating Freud Erikson human development theories it has been learned that both saw personality developing throughout a lifecycle of each individual. Each looks at and identified the crises at each stage in development.In addition difference psychologist believe that different phases are more important than other phases, but what most psychologist do agree on it that one stage leads to the next stage. Reference Berger, K. , & S, . (2010). Invitation of the life span. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. McLeod, S. A. (2008). Psychosexual Stages Retrieve from simplypsychology. org/psychosexual from http://www. simplypsychology. org/psychosexual. html Bee, H. L. (1992). The developing child. London: HarperCollins. www. britannica. com

Starship Troopers essays

Starship Troopers essays Throughout history, humans have thought of ways to improve the many types of technology. Not only has technology created many differences between the lifestyle of each generation to that of the next, but it has changed the way the world views gender relations. Through the movies Starship Troopers and The Lonely, each film demonstrates their perspective on technology and how technology can establish the equality between men and women. The positive use of technology is seen throughout the movie Starship Troopers. In the beginning of the movie, Johnny Rico and his girlfriend, Carmen Ibanez checks their math scores on a virtual scoreboard. A person is able to view their grade by submitting a password and the grade immediately shows up on a screen. This type of technology is well before its time - especially in schools. Upon graduating high school, Rico volunteers for the Mobile Infantry to fulfill his Federal Service. Far from having patriotic motives, Rico has joined the infantry to win the heart of Carmen, who has signed up for the Fleet Academy to become a starship pilot. In the Mobile Infantry and Fleet Academy, technology is at its prime. The guns that the infantry uses are laser equipped. In an infantry targeting exercise, real laser fires from dummy soldiers striking many soldiers. Some of the infantry high-tech weapons include a nuclear missile that can be fired in a bazooka-like canon. Besides that, the entire Fleet Academy is based in space. Even now, there are no space stations of that size orbiting the Earth - let alone an Academy hosting thousands of soldiers. The space ships in the Academy are large and heavily equipped. Never has a ship that colossal ever been sent up in space. Not only are they just large, they are very high-tech as well. Each mother ship has afterburners that are used to escape asteroids or other harmful obstacles. In the middle of the movie, there is a scene where all the mother ships were flying ...

How to Write a Speech

How to Write a Speech How to Write a Speech When it comes to public speaking – in the student’s case, giving a speech to a classroom of their peers and their instructor – one’s success lies in preparation. Which means that delivering a good speech ultimately depends on the writing a  speech. After all, a speech is like a spoken essay. Some people are natural-born public speakers who can entertain an entire room without a second of planning; however, the student in higher education who is to give a speech (who is also most likely a novice public speaker) should follow these 10 speech writing steps. 10 Speech Writing Steps 1. Plan the speech according to the occasion. The student required to give a speech will probably be speaking in an academic setting, where a serious, informative or persuasive tone will serve them best. Most times, the student will be given a time limit, which should be strictly followed. 2. Recognize the theme/message or purpose of the speech. This will help the student identify which direction they are going to take in the writing/planning/researching of the speech, helping them develop a sort of formula to achieve that purpose. 3. Be creative with the speech’s introduction. Once the student knows what they are going to say, they should consider a brief, interesting way to get their audience’s attention – whether with a joke, an interesting anecdote, famous quote, even a thought-provoking question. 4. Learn how to write a speech outline. This helps the student visualize all the points they need to cover in their speech. 5. Expand on the points in the speech outline. If they’re given a speech in a persuasive manner, they will need a solid thesis statement defended by strong evidence to support their argument. If giving an informative speech for an assignment, the student should incorporate solid, research-based information. In either case, the student must center their speech on the theme, issue, or subject they are discussing, arguing, or analyzing. 6. Incorporate transitional phrases to cover various points. Words like â€Å"First of all,† â€Å"Secondly,† â€Å"Next,† and â€Å"Lastly† help the speaker better transition from point to point, for their own sake and the audience. 7. Don’t forget about the conclusion. Just like with an essay or written assignment, a proper conclusion allows the speaker to tie in all the points of their speech, leaving the audience with a comprehensive understanding of what they just discussed. 8. Write the speech out in full, in essay form. Include the introduction, the points to be covered, as well as transitional phrases, and a conclusion – and then evaluate its effectiveness. Edit if needed. Writing more than one draft helps the student add or remove pertinent information. 9. Ask a friend to revise the written speech; revise the draft based on their feedback. Once the student feels their written speech is nearly completed, seeking the help of another person is beneficial. They will see things the writer may not notice, which will ultimately improve the speech. 10. Read the speech aloud. Before the student rehearses their speech first for familiarization, then memorization, they should read the speech aloud to compare how it sounds with how it reads; this could be the difference in an awkward, boring speech or one that is interesting and gets a higher grade. Read also: How to Write a Persuasive Essay | How to Write an Argumentative Essay In case you are working on a speech, and are having difficulties with it, would be happy to assist. Feel free to contact our writers and they will help you to work through the assignment. Our staff will assign writers with suitable backgrounds and adequate experience. This will result in a paper that is properly written and formatted, with thorough background research and a solid literature base.  Feel free to contact us anytime. Place an order to get your individual discount now.

Due process and the Rule of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Due process and the Rule of Law - Essay Example As Mapara points out, the rule of law can be stated as a legal maxim whereby government is required to make decisions on the ground of known legal principles. A government that operates under the rule of law can be called as a nomocracy. When a government hurts interests of a person without considering the exact law practices, the situation constitutes the violation of due process and the rule of law. It must be noted that the administrative due process is different from judicial due process. Administrative due process is mainly used to make decision related to administrative discharges. The opportunity to be heard is the main focus of the administrative due process. This process is applied to protect individual rights. As Dropkin and McComas point out, the major aim of the federal due process is to protect fundamental conceptions of justice; and as per the provisions of the federal due process, states need to respect and comply with their communities’ accepted norms and belie fs. 2. Regulation as a Policy Option Regulations which are brought in by the state are usually attempts to bring about certain outcomes which might not be obtained otherwise or to prevent certain undesired outcomes. For example, a regulation may be made by the government to check foreign direct investment that may inversely affect domestic manufacturers. The common definition given to regulation as such is: ‘an administrative decision that imparts rights and assigns responsibilities’ (OECD). Much of the regulations in the United States are administered and enforced by regulatory agencies. Regulations are the best option in forming policies for a country, because together with the rights enjoyed by a citizen, there are certain duties entitled to perform. Regulations thus become essential as a policy option, because together with providing the rights, they also allocate certain duties to the citizen. Along with this, regulations become handy in attaining some specific tar gets or to make certain services available to the citizens. According to Swisher, The policy formed to reduce carbon and fossil fuel emission stand as a model in this scenario; which measures that the macroeconomic models comply with the evaluation with respect to its impact on the energy system and introduces carbon taxes (Para 7). Such regulations come effective under circumstances like increasing commodity prices, matters related to wages, employment, standards of production, military proceedings etc. There are numerous possibilities that the social or economic conditions in the country taking up an undesired phase and the ability of the legislature to form regulations become extremely important under such circumstances. Regulations on liberalization, privatisation, globalisation etc found in many world countries are examples in this regard. 3. Legislative Oversight over Regulatory Agencies The capacity of legislatures to indulge in the process of lawmaking has been enhanced duri ng the last three decades. Legislatures stand as an independent assembly, and have assumed a greater responsibility in mandating laws. Legislative oversight, often referred as congressional oversight denotes the supervision of policy implementation. There are a number of federal agencies through which the policies formulated by the Congress are implemented. If the Congress is dissatisfied with an agency, it can react in various ways. Laws can be passed to overrule their decisions or to confine their jurisdictions. For example, as Kaiser, Oleszekc and Taleman point out,

Argumentative Synthesis Essay in Becoming Functional

Argumentative Synthesis in Becoming Functional - Essay Example For many organizations, the optimum approach is to follow the consequentialist approach of ethics, which ascertains that the outcomes of a leader’s actions minimize the bad outcomes, while enhancing good outcomes (Baggini & Fosl, 2007). In a diverse multi-cultural environment, the leadership of an organization is required to perform many additional roles. Since such environment is more volatile and prone to conflicts, application of ethical principles becomes a central theme in matters of dispute (Harris, 2013). Additionally, harassment that can become a frequent problem in such settings needs to be dealt with in accordance to the ethical principles (Einarsen et al, 2010). Many more challenges like religious issues, differences in level of education, socioeconomic differences and the likes may be encountered by leaders of a multicultural organization. For this reason it is safe to assert that leaders of multicultural organizations have no option other than to judge every daily-life situation on the basis of ethical criteria that are universally

Investigation of cultural influences and impact on CSR Dissertation

Investigation of cultural influences and impact on CSR - Dissertation Example If it appears the target is not to be attained, then the procedure is reviewed and revised midway to avoid further waste of resources. Results are important at Toyota. INT 2: Oh, yes so you’ve read that article about â€Å"Americanness†? Well, I would not put it exactly that way, that’s too black and white. But in more general terms, yes, Toyota wants to be perceived as a global company, a company that is a citizen of the world, so to speak. Whenever academicians talk of Japanese corporate culture, however, they typically cite Toyota. True, we embody a lot of the management philosophies that are associated with â€Å"Japanese† management, like just-in-time, etc., but I would prefer to think that we have a culture of constant quality improvement depending on the purpose of the business, not merely because the company is originally Japanese. (2) A survey and selection of social issues, among many, that the company may effectively address Which issues are rel evant to your host country? Of those that are relevant, kindly describe the context or particulars in which they are considered relevant. What other issues other than those mentioned would you think are relevant? Has your company chosen to address these issues through the CSR program? If not, why? If yes, why have these issues been chosen and others have not? INT 1: Toyota is undergoing a bit [actually a lot] of controversy because of the millions of cars it has had to recall in the past years. So there is the issue of consumer safety right there. The company used to be known for precise safety engineering and not sacrificing on quality or safety for the sake of profit, but the way it appears now we are giving the impression that we are remiss. It is management’s task to bring the point home strongly that we are not neglectful, our mass production system and uniformity of component design across several vehicles just worked against us publicity wise. INT 2: I see my colleague talked to you about the recalls. Other than this, however, is the issue of Toyota being supposedly against more aggressive greenhouse emission reductions. There was some publicity about the company supposedly lobbying to extend the deadline for compliance. I would say that this is not true to the best of my knowledge. Toyota is always at the forefront of green technology, and of transparency in corporate governance as well. The company should have done better, however, in terms of publicity damage control. I think the public liaison had delayed in its response. It should not have reached the point where our company president should have been summoned [at the Congressional hearing]. If the publicity had been addressed sooner, he should have been spared having to explain personally. While there is nothing wrong in a company president speaking for his company, the face-off between the American government on one hand, and a Japanese leader on the other hand, could rub the wrong way for people who remember the war and Japan’s emperor being made to sign the articles of surrender – you know. (3) Mapping out a course of action and devising a program plan to address the selected issues Given the issues your company has selected, what program plans were arrived at to address them? How are these programs planned out? INT 1: I think you will find more of this in the company annual report. The programs are given

How Important Are Fossil Fuels To Society Environmental Sciences Essay

How Important Are Fossil Fuels To Society Environmental Sciences Essay Thirst for knowledge is humans natural behaviour which has led to various inventions and discoveries. Humans need energy for doing all types of work. Without generating energy, all the luxuries of everyday life will come to an end. Fossil fuels, a remarkable discovery by humans have simplified our lives. However, the rate at which these resources are being depleted are threatening to run out soon. Fossil fuel usage began on a large scale with the introduction of industrial revolution in 1800s.Nowadays, a lot of alternative energy options are available, like wind , hydro , and sun energy. But ironically, majority of our energy is derived from non-renewable energy sources, which are commonly called fossil fuels. Like every other invention or discovery influence society, same applies to fossil fuels as well. In order to know how fossil fuels affect our society, one needs to examine it. Without fossil fuels, there wouldnt be any means of transportation, and the world and the economy would come to standstill. We need energy to heat houses, and energy is needed for agriculture and industries. Without fossil fuels, there would be no energy, no heat, and the cost on running on the alternatives would be a lot higher than what we have on fossils. Fossil fuels are comprised of hydrogen and carbon bonds. Coal, oil and natural gas, are the three kinds of fossil fuels used for delivering energy. With the increasing population, the demand for energy also increases, which increases the pressure on the environment. Another major variable, that threatens and pressurizes the energy sector to move into nuclear, solar and other environmentally friendly energy sources, is due to the fear of climate change. Coal, oil and natural gas supplies are forecasted to peak as the reserves are running out. Coal is a form of solid fossil fuel which is formed by decay of land vegetation. It is plenteous as compared to oil and natural gas. Forecasters predict every now and then, that the coal usage will increase as oil supplies becomes less. Present supply of coal might last about 200 years or more. Developing countries such as India and China, cant meet the expense of using natural gas or oil, and therefore depend on coal for delivering energy. According to IEAs world energy outlook forecast (2006), 85% of the increase in coal demand is likely to come from China. Coal consumption is predicted to increase by 1.4% yearly until 2030, with about two-thirds of the demands in India and China. According to the statistical survey done (2007), The coal consumption in 2006 was 3 billion tonnes. China, India, South Africa and Germany claimed to be the largest consumers of coal. The natural gas exploration is getting cheaper and big industries are switching to natural gas instead of coal which has other side problems, besides environmentally unfriendly. Oil is a liquid fossil fuel, formed from the remainders of marine micro-organisms deposited on the sea floor. Millions of years after, the deposits eventually end up in sediments and rock, in which oil is confined. Oil consists of a lot of organic compounds, which are altered into usable products by refining process. Oil is not found in all the places on earth, and there have been wars on oil supplies. Gulf war which happened in 1991, is a well-known example of this. The local production of oil has lowered since 1960.In 1970s the oil production has plunged reaching a peak point of 9.6 million barrel per day(Mbbl/d). Since then, oil demand has increased significantly such that industries supply less than half of all its oil that we consume. However there had been a radically change in consumption from 1960 to 1970 (from about 10 Mbbl/d to about 17 Mbbl/d) as shown in the figure. Moving to suburb and driving for miles caused an increase in consumption which was a turning point in American societys lifestyle. Nevertheless, during 1970s, demand levelled off and then declined suddenly as oil prices increased to over a dollar per gallon from $0.25. Since 1980s, oil demand has grown progressively as prices stabilized while inflation continued to grow. Currently we sit at 19.6 million barrel per day in U.S. which is about 25% of the worldwide consumption of 77 Million barrels per day. Natural gas is a gaseous form of fossil fuel which is versatile, available in plenty and relatively cleaner as compared to the oil and coal. Like oil, it is also formed from the remainders of marine micro-organisms. Natural gas is made up of methane, and is highly compressible, and is drilled to bring it on the earths crust. More coal was used until 1999, than natural gas. It has surpassed coal now in developed countries. However, humans are frightened that natural gas supply will eventually run out, like oil and coal. Predictions say that this might take place at the end or the middle of the 21st century. Unlike oil supplies, Natural gas reserves are distributed more uniformly around the planet. Energy produced by combustion of fossil fuels is converted to heat and electricity in power plants. On combustion, carbon and hydrogen reacts with oxygen to yield carbondioxide and water with heat. Electricity is produced by transforming this heat into electrical energy in a generator. Although, building a power plant needs a lot of money, the efficiency it delivers to convert fuel into energy is very high, and is worth the money spent to build it. The demand of electricity varies throughout the year, and provisions should be made to meet the demand in peak load. When the demand surpasses the capacity of power plants to generate electricity, momentary blackouts are experienced. In 2001, California experienced shortage of electricity, drawing attention to the crude oil and natural gas shortage. In the past, fossil fuels were present in abundance and were easy to obtain and deliver. The present trend of using these energy resources by mankind is one of the important issues questioning its long term sustainability. We have created a horrible situation for ourselves, by denying the fact that these resources will not be running low, and trying to run away from the reality rather than facing it. People are afraid of the consequences of what may happen if the fossil fuels actually run out. Fossil fuel combustion contributes to a lot of environmental issues that are also high on political agenda these days. Examples of these issues include emission of greenhouse gases, acid rain, air and water pollution, and ozone at ground level. These environmental concerns are caused by the burning of fossil fuels, which produces impurities like nitrogen, sulphur, and organic volatile compounds. These bi-products influence people and our atmosphere in many harmful ways. Like a glass in a greenh ouse, these pollutants build a barrier and prevent the excess heat from earth to escape. The temperature of the earth increases with the increase in this barrier, resulting in global warming. Global warming has become a serious issue, which could threaten our existence. Have people ever thought that why Antartica experienced the warmest years in all of history? Have people thought of rising sea level, which resulted due to melting of ice? The intensifying sea level could lead in floods and hurricane. If these changes are not enough to alert humans, the effect on agriculture around the world might be frightening. Production of maple is decreased by 10% because of warmer and shorter winters. A study comparing the yields of six main staple crops was done at the Lawrence Livermore National Labs and Stanford university. Study showed that for every one degree rise in temperature, there will be a decline of about 3% to 5% in the yield of those crops. Those six crops is responsible for abou t 55% of non-meat calories consumed by people, and about 70% of the animals feed all over the world. Acid rain is caused by the emission of sulphur and nitrogen, by burning fossil fuels. Acid rain is a combination of dry and wet deposition from the sky which contains higher amounts of nitric acid and sulphuric acid than normal. It makes the lakes and streams acidic, which leads to destruction of trees at higher altitude and soils. Acid rains also contribute to the decay of buildings and sculptures, decreases the visibility and have harmful effects on publics health. Acid rain not only cause damages where it falls, but it affects all over the planet, since lakes and streams transport the water throughout earths crust and finally to the ocean. The plants and animals that are dependent on this water to survive are affected and may decease if the chemicals in the water are present in extreme excess. Another problem resulting from fossil fuel usage is Air pollution, resulting in smog. Apart from human sickness, smog also affects the crops, by seeping through the leaves protective layers and destroying the essential cell membranes. This makes the crops weaker and decreases its yield. Combustion of fossil fuels produces nitrogen and other organic gases that form ozone. Ozone is formed near the surface of the earth causing air pollution. According to the CESI report (2006), Ground level ozone has affected the health of Canadians including respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, premature deaths and over 6000 hospitalizations. All above discussed issues are caused by the emission of impurities that are present in the structures of fossil fuel .Presently, combustion of oil accounts for about 30% of carbondioxide in the environment. The maximum emission of pollutants is caused by the burning of coal. Natural gas consists of methane structure, due to which it doesnt emit as much carbondioxide as compared to oil and coal. The question arises, that looking at these consequences, why are we still using fossil fuels to such large scale? The answer is simple; because fossil fuels are comparatively cheaper than using alternatives we know so far. People have made their lives so much dependable on fuels, that if these run out, the human civilization will come to an end too. Also, digging fossil fuels from earth surface is dangerous, as digging of mines and wells could result in change of surroundings and may fetch immense quantity of salt water to the earths surface, which can result in damaging the ecosystem in clos e proximity with no appropriate treatment and sequestration. There are procedures to follow to minimize the hazards, but it is hard to completely eradicate them. However, regulations are not enough, we should continue researching new technologies for fossil fuels and renewable sources both, to add increasing conservation measures. Few environmentalists predict that because of insufficiency, fuel prices will increase exponentially in the coming century. We cannot completely stop using fossil fuels, but we must make some changes in our consumption pattern by avoiding oil products and favouring available alternatives for our sustainability.